Vivek Dhar, CBA's mining and energy commodities analyst, has circulated an interesting note on coal prices.
He says thermal coal futures (thermal coal is primarily used for generating electricity) have declined 24% this year to just under $US94/tonne, which is the lowest level since May 2021.
He says premium coking coal spot prices (coking coal is used to produce steel) started the year poorly too, but they have since recovered.
What's going on?
He says 10-15% of thermal coal exports are making losses at current prices, so it's hard to see thermal coal prices falling meaningfully further.
"Prices may therefore track more sideways in the near term, with Chinese stimulus being a key positive catalyst in the near term," he says.
With coking coal, he says the generally poor start to seaborne coal prices so far this year can be partly explained by the pick-up in China's coal production (+8.1%/yr in Q1 2025), which has seen China's imports of coal decline.
"China’s self-sufficiency in thermal and coking coal is estimated at ~95% and 80-85% respectively, helping explain why a modest uptick in China’s coal output has such a pronounced negative impact on China’s coal import demand," he says.
He says coking coal demand was also weak at the start of the year with global steel output falling 4.4%/yr in January and 3.4%/yr in February.
But the recent uplift in spot coking coal prices is consistent with the pick-up in global steel production last month (+2/9%/year).
He says India’s steel output growth has been impressive (+6.8%/yr in Q1 2025), supported by strong underlying demand from India’s construction sector –particularly infrastructure. India accounted for ~22% of the world’s coking coal imports last year.
And supply disruptions at Australia’s Appin and Moronbah North coking coal mines have also prompted coking coal prices higher in recent weeks.